Chemistry Facts

The Only word not appearing on Periodic table is "J" ( submitted by: Zohair Khan)

Urinary system

Urinary system of the body plays a crucial role in our sustenance. Also referred to as the genitourinary or excretory system of the body, this system is responsible for the elimination of various metabolic waste materials from the body, in the form of urine. Essential nutrients from food ingested, is absorbed and used for their respective uses in the body. The remaining waste in the bowel and blood needs to be thrown out, thus, the kidney in coordination with the lungs, intestines and skin evacuates all wastes in the body. If the elimination of these waste substances is not done, accumulation of the same can conduce to poisoning. The urinary system gets rid of urea and other waste materials from the blood and produces urine to throw them out. Moreover, this system also controls the amount of water and mineral salts to be absorbed back into the bloodstream.

Parts of the Urinary System

The urinary system comprises two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder and urethra. All these parts of the urinary system coordinate with each other and eliminate wastes. Let us have a closer look at these parts and their functioning to understand the working of the urinary system.

 Kidneys: We have two bean-shaped, purplish-brown organs placed just below the rib cage, near the mid portion of the back. Approximately the size of one's fist, the kidneys are made up of myriads of infinitesimal filters, called nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidneys. Blood containing metabolic wastes are passed through these nephrons, which filter the urea from the blood. The remaining 99% of the body fluid is sent back to the body minus the urea. The urea filtered out is combined with water and other waste materials like organic materials and excess salts to form urine. So kidneys are sites of urine production! About one to two liters of urine is produced on a daily basis, depending on the amount of water consumed each day. Besides this, kidneys are also responsible for maintaining fluid and salt balance in the body, thereby maintaining blood consistency. 


Ureters: Two tube-like structures called ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The ureters are pipelines through which the waste-rich urine passes from the kidney to the bladder. Ureters feature the presence of muscles in their walls which undergo continuous contraction and relaxation movements, so as to force the urine downward towards the bladder. Every 10-15 seconds urine trickles from the kidneys and collects in the bladder. 

 Urinary Bladder: This pear-shaped, hollow organ is situated in the pelvic region and is kept in place by ligaments that bind it to the pelvic bones. Like ureter muscles, these muscles also contract and relax constantly. The muscles relax to allow entry of urine from ureter and contract (when full) to send urine out of the body, via the urethra. On an average, the bladder can hold about two cups of urine, however, the urge to urinate will begin when the bladder is about a cup full. The circular sphincter muscles present around the bladder's opening prevents the urine from leaking out from the bladder. The bladder does not release urine until it is full. Thank goodness the bladder waits till it's full! 

Urethra: When the bladder is gorged with urine, the nerves in the bladder send signals to one's brain to urinate. The brain in response sends signals to bladder muscles to contract and release the stored urine. The sphincter muscles also receive instructions from the brain to allow the urine to pass out. Urine exits from the bladder through a small tube called urethra, out of the body. 

Interesting Urinary System Facts for Kids

•  In a healthy adult, almost 440 gallons of blood is passed through the kidneys on a daily basis, thereby resulting in formation of almost one to two liters of urine. However, this amount varies with the amount of water (or fluid) intake and the amount of sweat produced by the body.
•  Though we keep describing kidneys as bean-shaped organs, the beans were named after the organ and not vice versa! Moreover, one of the other urinary system facts is that, if at all one kidney fails to function, the other kidney takes up the entire load of filtration.
•  Urine is almost odorless when it leaves a healthy body. Surprised! Well, another surprising urine fact is that urine is also sterile when it leaves the body. It does contain metabolic wastes, salts and fluids, however, it is devoid of viruses, bacteria and fungi. Once the urine comes outside the body, bacteria in the air converts chemicals present in it to other forms of smelly chemicals like ammonia, etc. So this is how the foul smell of urine comes!
•  Kidneys of the urinary system maintain the amount of fluid balance in the body. Consumption of excess water results in diluted, pale-colored urine and consumption of inadequate amounts of water results in conservation of water by the kidneys, thereby conducing to dark yellow-colored urine.
•  Sometimes people have this urge to urinate shortly after visiting the restroom. Then when they try to urinate, only a little urine comes out. This mostly happens during a bladder or urinary tract infection.
•  Frequent urination is also a sign of pregnancy. The growing uterus applies pressure on the urinary bladder, which causes one to urinate frequently. Moreover, during pregnancy blood flow to the kidneys increases rapidly, thereby resulting in faster filtration and urine formation. About 2 to 4% pregnant women develop urinary infections, which can also be the reason for frequent urination sensation.
•  Urine is often diluted and added to potted plants and plants in gardens. This is because, the adequate urea content in urine is a wonderful source of nitrogen to plants. So if you have a garden, you now know what to do!
•  Have you heard of urine therapy? Well, urine therapy involves application of urine for medical or cosmetic purposes. People apply urine on the skin and even drink urine for medicinal benefits. Don't freak out, they drink their own urine only! Moreover, during wars in historic times, urine was applied on open wounds to destroy bacteria, due to its antiseptic qualities. According to them, the darker the urine, the more effective would be the urine!
•  Urine should normally contain only salts, metabolic wastes and fluids. However, at times sugar is seen to be present in the urine. This is an indication of diabetes. Some other problems associated with the urinary system are polyuria (excess urine production), oliguria (little urine production), dysuria (difficulty and pain in urination), kidney failure, kidney stones, bladder control problems, prostate enlargement and urinary tract infections.
• Most of us have found ourselves in situations where we have had to control our full bladders due to the unavailability of a restroom. However, there is a control limit which shouldn't be exceeded. In the year 2007, Jennifer Strange (age 28) of California participated in a radio station's contest that involved drinking the maximum water without having to visit the restroom. She won the contest, however, was found dead the next day in her house. Doctors confirmed she died of water intoxication. Thus, it is important not to take the importance of the urinary system lightly.

The urinary system is truly a fascinating body system. The way each organ functions, the coordination between different structures, etc. causes one to look at the human body with awe!

biology facts (Submitted by Abbas Jaffery)

                                                  Eagle has the best sense of sight.(Submitted by Abbas Jaffery)

An eagle can see deep into the sea to capture the prey from certain height above the sea. (Submitted by Abbas Jaffery) 
 Sharks has best sense of smell .(Submitted by Abbas Jaffery) 
 Shark can smell single drop of blood which shed into the see.(Submitted by Abbas Jaffery)

human Skeleton (Submitted by:Abbas Jaffery)

Human Skeletal System comprises of 206 bones from which we are describing limb bonesLIMB BONES there are total 120 bones in these limbstypes_____a)fore limb and b) hind limb

FORE LIMB_____2 in no. 

it comprises of 30 bones each each forelimb is further divided into 5 parts......carpals.meta carpals, phalanges,ulnaradial and humerus in which carpals are 8 in no.....,meta carpals are 5 in no... phalanges are 14 in no... ulnaradial consists of 2 bones namely ulna and radius and humerus has one bone namely humerus 

HIND LIMB_____2 in no.it comprises of 30 bones each each hind limb is further divided into 5 parts......tarsals.meta tarsals, phalanges,tibia fibula and femur in which tarsals are 7 in no.....,meta tarsals are 5 in no... phalanges are 14 in no... tibia fibula consists of 2 bones namely tibia and fibula and femur has one bone namely femur in addition to these bones in hind limb there is 1 PATELLA present behind knee

Submitted by: Abbas Jaffery

eyes (submitted by zohair)

 Our eyes always remain in the same size from our birth till death, but theears and nose are growing continuously growing throughout our life.                       (Submitted By:Zohair Khan)

Onion Fact ( Submitted by: Zohair Khan)

If you rub an onion on your foot within 30 – 60 minutes you will be able to taste it – this is because it travels through the blood stream to your taste buds in mouth.(Sumitted By:Zohair Khan)

Great red spot ( Submitted by:Shanzy khan)

The 'Great Red Spot' - a storm on Jupiter that has been going on for 300 years - is so big that dozens of Earths would fit into it.( submitted by: Shanzy khan)

 

Human Brain (Submitted by:Abbas Jaffery)

   Hippocampus is the region of the brain which memorize our daily activities and make is store for a long time. (submitted by:Abbas Jaffery)

The Human Brain-(Submitted by: Abbas Jaffery)

The human brain which seems to be wrinkled........these wrinkles are known as cortex this CORTEX has four parts 

a).frontal cortex_________where u have the power of thinking,pondering 

b).temporal cortex__________where u observe the things u see for e.g.detectation of sound and other things 

c)occiepital cortex__________where u memorizi the things u see and going to perform actions 

d)parietal cortex_______which helps in storage of information

Submitted by:Abbas Jaffery

Microsoft, not so good with programming

Microsoft, not so good with programming

It is a nightmare for web developers to make a website completely cross browser compatible whenever they think of Internet Explorer. It is still out of my mind (and a lot of lazy developers) that why people at microsoft are not making something that is compatible with others. It is fine for more of the developers to find webkit a little dissimilar to MOZ; but everything, even the size of pixels in most of the cases changes in Internet Explorer. Seriously, is it so difficult to measure pixels for Microsoft guys? What are they doing in there?
I think we know the answer a little. They are mostly the typical marketing people. They do not do anything good, they just do it and market it perfectly to capture maximum exposure. Unlike some other companies who develop good, and leave the rest on audience to search and get good stuff.
From the beginning of times till this day, it is not explained why IE is so slow and so pathetic when it comes to render CSS. Now let us see what are they going to include in windows 8. Frankly speaking, windows 8 looks way too complicated right now, but let us see what do they have to offer there …
Another example of their extreme ignorance is that they still does not support IMAP4 on hotmail. Yes it is a 100% true! I was just developing this new application when I came to know that they do not even support IMAP4 which was a compulsory thingi for my app! So either my customers think of it as a boycott or lazyness of MS guys, I am not going to include hotmail in this venture!



Reason: They are still working with pop3. pop3 does not even support folders, and pop3 also does not support to mark an email read if its contents are fetched. It is quite impossible to do something like marking the emails or labeling the emails that were fetched previously.
Either they are just so busy in making new marketing policies for their products, or very busy counting dollars and they have absolutely no idea of quality products.
However, this must be the time to grow up! The audience should know what is better than just a name.

Submitted by: Saif-ur-rehman(Pakistan)

Sap Software

Security company launches intrusion detection system for SAP software

SAP-SOFTWARE
Security company Onapsis issued on Wednesday a key product that ensures intrusion detection systems to unveil attacks against SAP applications holding vital financial and business data.
The product known Onapsis IPS, is a collection of signatures or tell-tale signs that a hacker may be attempting to exploit an SAP system, told by the Mariano Nunez, CEO of Onapsis, headquartered in Boston. Onapsis acts insight testing and vulnerability assessment for SAP software.
The major enterprises use SAP’s ERP and CRM software to handle payroll, invoices and supply chains, forming a fundamental part of how a business is electronically controlled. The applications control very sensitive information.
SAP software has come under raising scrutiny from security researchers last few years and hackers, according to Nunez. SAP has been introducing around 60% a month for its systems and has launched more than 2,000 security patches since 2010.
The number of bandages poses a problem for system administrators, who often must close down the software and test it to make sure the patches work. It is complicated work that requires long time.
“Many businesses don’t use SAP security patches promptly,” Nunez said. “Some of them don’t even apply them at all.”
The time in between when an attack comes across to public and when the patch is applied is an open window in which hackers could be able access successfully. Although many organizations have intrusion protection or detection systems (IPS/IDS), those systems are not operated to detect SAP attacks.
To resolve that problem, Onapsis has created Snort signatures, which can be imported into most IPS/IDS appliances across the market. Nunez revealed Onapsis thought it was better to write signatures rather than to create a separate appliance, according to him.
Once the signatures are imported, managements can take decision then whether they want to cease an attack or be sent an alert when one is under way, Nunez told. SAP attacks are rarely advertized on large scale, which has led to a lower awareness for enterprises even though a breach could have a vital impact on their business if data was compromised.
“What we discovered is many companies told us they have never been hacked, but they do not have any security auditing feature enabled,” according to Nunez. He further added, “The only truth is they really do not aware. The fact they have never visualize any alerts really does not purport it is not happening.”
Onapsis IPS will be available purchase as an annual subscription, with new signatures sent monthly, Nunez revealed. The price is based on the number of IP addresses linked to the SAP software, he stated.
One of the company’s other products is X 1, a tool that will offer companies to test their ERP software for vulnerabilities and presents how those problems could describe important business information and how to fix them.

Submitted by: Saif-ur-rehman(Pakistan)

Indian Numbers

Indian Numbers :
    The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a positional decimal numeral system. Many of the countries adopted the Indian numerals.

Values	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
bengali
devanagari
gujarati
gurmukhi
kannada
malayalam
oriya
telugu
tamil

This is a funny interesting part of maths. Enjoy it with Fun!